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East Turkistan independence poster showing the blue-and-white separatist flag with a red explosion in the shape of a nuclear cloud with the five yellow stars of the People's Republic of China superimposed.<br/><br/> China used the Lop Nur region of the Taklamakan desert as a nuclear testing site from 1964-1996, during which time 45 nuclear tests were conducted.
East Turkistan independence poster showing the blue-and-white separatist flag with a profile of the Ughur separatist leader Rebiya Kadeer superimposed.<br/><br/> Rebiya Kadeer (born 15 July 1948) is a prominent Uyghur businesswoman and political activist from the northwest region of Xinjiang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China (PRC). She has been the president of the World Uyghur Congress since November 2006.<br/><br/> Kadeer has been active in defending the rights of the largely Muslim Uyghur minority, who she says has been subject to systematic oppression by the Chinese government. Kadeer is currently living in exile in the United States.
The First Eastern Turkestan Republic (ETR), or Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan (TIRET), also Republic of Uyghurstan, (Sherqiy Türkistan Yislam Jumuhuriyiti or Sarki Turk Islam Cumhuriyeti) was a short-lived breakaway would-be Islamic republic founded in 1933. It was centered on the city of Khotan in what is today the People's Republic of China-administered Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Although primarily the product of the independence movement of the Uyghur population living there, the ETR was Turkish-ethnic in character, including Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and other Turkic peoples in its government and its population.<br/><br/> With the sacking of Kashgar in 1934 by Hui warlords nominally allied with the Kuomintang government in Nanjing, the first ETR was effectively eliminated. Its example, however, served to some extent as inspiration for the founding of a Second East Turkestan Republic a decade later, and continues to influence modern Uyghur nationalist support for the creation of an independent East Turkestan.